Not sure if great training systems are necessarily based on science. Looking at what the East Germans or the Norwegians did was not really science based (ignoring the juice effect for now, they still had to train). The East Germans started documenting training protocols and outcomes in the 1970s. And made sure that this experience got shared among coaches (examples shown in the pro/elite thread). The Norwegians did the same in the 1990s which led to this huge dominance in Nordic skiing. It’s more trial and error of coaches than hard science.
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